Why open networks win

▤ Summary

The article argues that broad economic progress comes from removing friction through open standards and networks, not from isolated proprietary products. It illustrates the point with historical and modern examples — railway gauge standardization, the shipping container, the UPC, Wintel vs Apple, TCP/IP and Linux — showing how open protocols enabled massive innovation and value creation. It applies the same logic to money and payments, praising public and permissionless rails like UPI and decentralized networks while warning that corporate-controlled 'CorpChains' recreate closed cages. The piece urges building neutral, open financial infrastructure so entrepreneurs can compete on products rather than rebuild plumbing.

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